Chain pickerel

The chain pickerel (Esox niger) is a species of freshwater fish in the pike family (family Esocidae) of order Esociformes. The chain pickerel and the American pickerel (E. americanus) belong to the Esox genus of pike.

Habitat

Chain pickerel live in a variety of habitats, including pools within creeks or rivers, lakes with vegetation cover, swamps and other wetlands. Chain pickerel are tolerant of brackish water with salinity levels of up to 22 ppt. They are also acid tolerant to a pH of 3.8.

Distribution

Its range is along the eastern coast of North America from southern Canada to Florida, and west to Texas. In the New England, the species occurs in Maine and New Hampshire. The fish inhabits fresh and brackish water from the Mississippi Valley. It also is commonly found in Lake Michigan and the lower portion of the Great Lakes. In the Canadian Maritimes, chain pickerel is known from New Brunswick and Nova Scotia.

Chain pickerel is considered an invasive species in Nova Scotia, where native fish stocks have been severely impacted by the effects of its introduction, primarily through its role as a voracious predator. Historical angling destinations in the province's mainland, like Kejimkujik National Park, have been heavily impacted by the illegal introduction of this fish to the area.

Behaviour

Like the northern pike, the chain pickerel feeds primarily on smaller fish, until it grows large enough to ambush large fish from cover with a rapid lunge and to secure it with its sharp teeth. Chain pickerel are also known to eat frogs, snakes, worms, mice, other small mammals, crayfish, other small crustaceans, insects, and a wide variety of other foods. It is not unusual for pickerel to leap out of the water at flying insects, or even at dangling fishing lures. Raney (1942) studied chain pickerel in a New York pond and found that golden shiners were found in the stomachs of 47.3% of the 234 chain pickerel examined. Brown bullheads were found in 13.8%, and pumpkinseed sunfish were found in 13.2%. Crayfish of the genus Cambarus were present in 42% of the chain pickerel.